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Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517) and the Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa and Europe.
By the mid-1950s, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi had emerged from the most dangerous crisis of …