The term mujāhidīn (plural of mujāhid, meaning “one who engages in jihad”) has had a profound historical significance that extends far beyond its common contemporary usage. Its meaning and application have evolved over centuries, transforming from a general reference to “holy warriors” to a term synonymous with militant Islamic movements across different regions, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, Iran, and Afghanistan. The term first gained widespread recognition in the 18th century in India during a period of Islamic revivalism, where it was associated with resistance against foreign invasions and internal decay.
This article explores the evolution of the term mujāhidīn, how it gained prominence in different historical contexts, and how it has been shaped by sociopolitical events across India, Iran, and Afghanistan. It will also delve into the transformation of mujāhidīn from a concept linked to resistance and Islamic revival to its modern association with Islamic militant movements.