- Historical and Mythological Perspectives: Some sources claim that Sadeh commemorates the moment when the descendants of Kiyomars, the first human according to Persian mythology, reached one hundred in number. Another theory associates the festival with Meshi and Mashyana, the mythological first human couple in Zoroastrian tradition, whose children also supposedly reached the number of one hundred on this day.
- Seasonal Interpretation: Another common explanation is that Sadeh marks the hundredth day of winter, which starts on 1 Aban (October-November) and reaches this milestone on 10 Bahman (January-February). From this day onward, the lengthening daylight and the discovery of fire symbolically illuminate the nights, making them as bright and warm as the days.
- Spiritual and Cosmic Beliefs: Ancient Iranians viewed the months of Dei and Bahman as a time of struggle against darkness and evil. They believed the devil’s power peaked during this period, and fire was seen as a divine force to counteract this darkness. Therefore, the festival of Sadeh became a ritualistic means to purify the world and drive away evil spirits.
Sadeh Rituals and Celebrations
The festivities of Sadeh begin on the evening of the 10th of Bahman, as large bonfires are lit in public squares, mountain tops, or village centers. These bonfires symbolize the triumph of light over darkness and good over evil. In historical accounts, Sadeh has always been a communal celebration, fostering cooperation, unity, and solidarity among people.