One of the most tangible expressions of this vision was the implementation of local council elections. Although stipulated in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic since its inception, elections for city and village councils had never been held until Khatami’s first term. In 1999, Iran witnessed its first nationwide local elections, a major democratic innovation that empowered citizens at the grassroots level. This marked a significant milestone in political development, allowing for broader participation and oversight in local governance.
Khatami’s administration also fostered a relatively freer cultural and political atmosphere. Newspapers flourished, student movements gained momentum, and public debates reemerged in universities and media platforms. His Minister of Culture, Seyyed Ataollah Mohajerani, was a central figure in easing censorship and promoting artistic expression. Despite fierce opposition, Mohajerani survived an impeachment attempt after defending his policies before the Majlis (Parliament).
Yet, not all reformist ministers were as fortunate. Abdullah Nouri, Khatami’s Minister of Interior and a strong reformist figure, was removed by a vote of no confidence in parliament. His fall reflected the deep divisions within the political system and the extent to which conservatives used institutional mechanisms to weaken the reformist government.