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The very first signs of opposition in 1977 came from Persian constitutionalist liberals. Based in the urban middle class, this was a section of the population that was fairly secular and wanted the Shah to adhere to the Iranian Constitution of 1906 rather than religious rule. Prominent in it was Mehdi Bazargan and his liberal, moderate Islamic group Freedom Movement of Homeland, and the more secular National Front.The clergy were divided, allying variously with the liberals, Marxists and Islamists. The various anti-Shah groups operated from outside Homeland, mostly in London, France, Iraq, and Turkey.
