Christmas (French: Noël) is one of the most significant and widely celebrated holidays in the Christian world, commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. Over centuries, Christmas has evolved from a purely religious observance into a complex cultural, social, and even secular event observed by billions of people across continents. Its history reflects theological debates, cultural exchanges, political transformations, and deep …

Reza Shah Pahlavi (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944), born Reza Khan, was one of the most consequential figures in modern Iranian history. Rising from humble origins as a military officer to become Shah of Iran, he founded the Pahlavi dynasty and ruled the country from 1925 until 1941. His reign marked a decisive break with Iran’s pre-modern political …

The Nativity of Jesus Christ—also known as the birth of Christ or the birth of Jesus—stands at the heart of Christian theology, liturgy, and cultural memory. It is one of the most widely depicted, commemorated, and interpreted events in religious history. The narrative of Jesus’ birth is primarily preserved in the canonical Gospels of Matthew and Luke, which, while differing …

Fifty years ago, in a period when Tehran was undergoing rapid urban growth and social transformation, municipal institutions launched an unusual and, for its time, innovative initiative: a training camp for beggars. The idea behind this program was not merely to remove beggars from the streets temporarily, but to address what officials perceived as the root causes of begging by …

Maryam Roohparovar (September 31, 1932 – January 1, 1987) was one of the most powerful and emotionally resonant voices of Iranian popular music in the 1960s. Though her name may not be as widely remembered as some of her contemporaries, Roohparovar occupies a unique and influential place in the history of Iranian vocal performance. Her life and career reflect the …

The late 1930s marked a decisive chapter in the transformation of Iran from a fragmented, semi-traditional society into a centralized modern state. Under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi, modernization was pursued not as a gradual cultural evolution but as a forceful, state-driven project. Roads, railways, schools, courts, and military institutions were reorganized to reflect a new vision of order, …

Iran’s modern history in the twentieth century is a layered narrative of state-building, technological adoption, cultural resistance, artistic flourishing, and enduring memory. From the late 1930s, when Tehran’s police force was equipped with American-made wireless transceivers as part of Reza Shah’s ambitious modernization project, to the unveiling in December 1404 of two unreleased albums by the late Mohammad Reza Shajarian—Iran’s …

On the Occasion of the Sixth Yalda Memorial at the Niavaran Cultural and Historical Complex On the occasion of Yalda Night and in commemoration of the anniversary of the international registration of the Yalda ritual, a series of cultural, artistic, and ritual programs were held at the Niavaran Cultural and Historical Complex under the title of the “Sixth Yalda Memorial.” …

From a Small Factory to a Concentrated Power in the Home Appliance Market The story of the Diani family’s industrial activities and the formation of what is now known as the Entebbe Industrial Group is inseparable from the broader transformations of Iran’s industrial and economic landscape over the past three decades. This path, which began modestly in the early 1990s, …

On December 17, 1955, the Officers’ Club in Tehran hosted a performance unlike anything the city had witnessed before. The main attraction was a young man named Khalil Tarighat Pima, better known to the public as Khalil Oqab. At just 28 years old, he had already begun to attract attention through extraordinary demonstrations of physical power, endurance, and courage. That …