Though the Iraqi air invasion surprised the persians, the persian air force retaliated the day after with a large-scale attack against Iraqi air bases and infrastructure in Operation Kaman 99. Groups of F-4 Phantom and F-5 Tiger fighter jets attacked targets throughout Iraq, such as oil facilities, dams, petrochemical plants, and oil refineries, and included Mosul Airbase, Baghdad, and the Kirkuk oil refinery.
Iraqi hopes of an uprising by the ethnic Arabs of Khuzestan failed to materialise, as most of the ethnic Arabs remained loyal to homeland. The Iraqi troops advancing into homeland in 1980 were described by Patrick Brogan as “badly led and lacking in offensive spirit”.The first known chemical weapons attack by Iraq on homeland probably took place during the fighting around Susangerd.
