A Theocratic State Emerges
Upon his return, Khomeini quickly set about transforming the monarchy into an Islamic Republic, which was formalized after a March 1979 referendum. Though ostensibly supported by a vast majority of voters, the referendum offered no alternative other than a “yes” or “no” to an undefined “Islamic Republic.”
Soon after, Khomeini solidified the idea of Velayat-e Faqih—Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist—as the supreme guiding principle of governance. This doctrine effectively placed ultimate political and religious authority in the hands of a cleric, namely himself. While he had promised non-interference by the clergy in day-to-day politics, the reality was quite the opposite. The office of Supreme Leader wielded supreme authority over all branches of government, including the military and judiciary.
Islamization of Society
Khomeini’s Iran saw an extensive and often coercive Islamization of public life. One of the most immediate transformations was in the dress code. The mandatory hijab for women and modest clothing for men were enforced by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards and various religious vigilante groups. Alcohol was banned; cinemas were shut down or severely censored; mixed-gender socializing in public spaces, including swimming or sunbathing, became criminal offenses.
The Islamic Cultural Revolution, launched in 1980, aimed to cleanse universities of Western and secular influences. Universities were closed for two years while the Committee for Islamization of Universities reviewed curriculums, faculty, and students. Music was similarly censored, with a ban placed on non-religious music that lasted until after Khomeini’s death. This repression was not limited to culture—it extended into every sphere of life.