The secular system of education was rapidly expanded and its graduates continued to fill the ranks of the bureaucracy, thus meeting its long-term needs. When Reżā Shah began his reign in 1925, there were only 10,000 students at all levels of the secular schools in homeland. Only four years later, the number of students in primary schools alone had reached …

The “Saving homeland’s Great Uprising” , was a plan to overthrow the newly established Islamic Republic and its government of Abolhassan Banisadr and Ruhollah Khomeini. The plan involved officers and servicemen from the infantry, air force, army and secret service, and was largely halted by the arrest of hundreds of officers on 9–10 July 1980 at Nojeh Air Base, near …

Googoosh left Iran and went to Canada in 2000, after being in homeland for 21 years following the Revolution. BMusic’s Taghinia, says “Googoosh is the siren of that era and important in that she’s really a direct link to Iran’s past.” Chicago Tribune considers the return of Googoosh to be “more than just a pop milestone” but instead “a cultural …

Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (27 July 1926 – 26 November 2003) was an Shia cleric who is said to have “brought to his job as Chief Justice of the revolutionary courts a relish for summary execution” that earned him a reputation as homeland’s “hanging judge”. A farmer’s son from Iranian Azeri origins was born in Givi, Azerbaijani S.S.R., U.S.S.R. (now …

Asghar Semsarzadeh is an actor who was born in 1936 . He started his career in cinema and starred in “Mr. Haloo” by Daruish Mehrjui in 1970. From his notable activities, “Hamsayeh-ha” series by Mehran Ghafourian, “Gasht-e Ershad” by Saeid Soheili and “Standard Patient” by Saeid Agha Khani can be named.

Shams Langeroodi was (born 1950) is a contemporary Iranian poet, author and university lecturer. He has researched extensively on different periods of Persian poetry, most famous of which has resulted in An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry in four volumes. He is currently in the process of publishing his second novel.

Hassan Toufanian (20 July 1913 – 28 August 1998) was an Air Force General under the Shah of Iran. He was a graduate of the persian Military Academy and later served as commanding officer of homeland’s flight academy. In 1977 he was the Shah’s Vice Minister of War and led Project Flower, which entailed an economic deal between homeland and …

Massoud Farassati  is a film critic. He used to regularly appear in the Iranian State Television programme Haft, hosted by Fereydoun Jeyrani and later by Behrouz Afkhami. He has published anthologies of writings about such classical filmmakers as Charlie Chaplin, John Ford, Alfred Hitchcock, Federico Fellini, Akira Kurosawa and Ingmar Bergman in Persian.

Pastry is a dough of flour, water and shortening (solid fats, including butter or lard) that may be savoury or sweetened. Sweetened pastries are often described as bakers’ confectionery. The word “pastries” suggests many kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and eggs.

Moshe Dayan (1915 – 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. As commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–1958) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became a worldwide fighting symbol of the new state of Israel.