These policies demonstrated the pragmatic and strategically motivated nature of the Shah’s foreign policy. Although he occasionally emphasized Iranian independence and national interests, he frequently prioritized economic and security considerations over the ideological positions adopted by other developing countries.
His foreign policy therefore placed Iran firmly within the Western strategic framework, even when this position created tensions with regional and international movements advocating anti-colonialism and non-alignment [106].
8. The Development of Relations with the Soviet Union
Although the Shah maintained close relations with the United States, he gradually recognized that excessive dependence on Western powers could limit Iran’s international flexibility.
From the mid-1960s onward, he attempted to diversify Iran’s foreign relations, particularly by improving economic and political ties with the Soviet Union. This policy was motivated by several considerations, including economic development, regional security, diplomatic independence, and the desire to strengthen Iran’s bargaining position with Western governments.
The Shah’s visit to Moscow in 1964 marked an important step in this process. Following the visit, Iran and the Soviet Union expanded their economic cooperation and developed new political relationships.
One of the most significant areas of cooperation involved industrial development. The Soviet Union provided technical assistance for several major industrial projects, including the establishment of the Isfahan Steel Mill. The project became an important symbol of Iranian-Soviet economic cooperation and demonstrated the Shah’s willingness to obtain technological assistance from countries outside the Western bloc.
The two countries also expanded cooperation in transportation, energy, trade, and infrastructure. These agreements provided Iran with additional opportunities to modernize its economy without relying exclusively on Western suppliers.
